File Identification and Hashing

The First Action on Any Suspect File

Before opening any tool, the analyst computes the file's cryptographic hash. The hash is the file's fingerprint. Two files with the same SHA-256 hash are, for all practical purposes, identical.

Cryptographic Hash Functions

A hash function maps an input of arbitrary length to a fixed-length output (the digest) with two critical properties:

• Collision resistance: computationally infeasible to find two distinct inputs with the same output
• Avalanche property: changing even a single bit of input produces a completely different digest

Algorithm	Digest Size	Status
MD5	128 bits (32 hex chars)	Collision attacks known. Still used as a lookup key.
SHA-1	160 bits (40 hex chars)	Collision attacks demonstrated. Avoid for security.
SHA-256	256 bits (64 hex chars)	Current standard. Use for all primary identification.

MD5 and SHA-1 have known collision attacks and should not be relied upon for security — but they remain useful as fast lookup keys in malware databases where collision resistance is not critical.

Computing Hashes

Windows (PowerShell):

Get-FileHash invoice.exe -Algorithm SHA256
Get-FileHash invoice.exe -Algorithm MD5

Linux:

sha256sum invoice.exe
md5sum invoice.exe

x64dbg: the hash of the loaded file is shown in File → Properties.

PEStudio: computes MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, and imphash automatically on file open.

Querying VirusTotal

After computing the SHA-256 hash, query it against VirusTotal:

curl -s "https://www.virustotal.com/api/v3/files/<SHA256_HASH>" \
  -H "x-apikey: YOUR_FREE_API_KEY" \
  | python3 -m json.tool | grep -A5 "last_analysis_stats"

Interpreting results:

Detection Ratio	Interpretation
40+/70	Known malicious — read existing report, proceed to IOC extraction
5–40/70	Suspicious — proceed with full static and dynamic analysis
0/70	Possibly novel, possibly benign — full analysis required
0/70 with suspicious behaviour	Evasion suspected — do not trust clean result

Key point: A clean VirusTotal result never means a sample is safe. Polymorphic and novel malware routinely achieves 0 detections on initial submission.

Fuzzy Hashing with ssdeep

Standard cryptographic hashes change completely if a single byte differs. ssdeep computes a Context-Triggered Piecewise Hash (CTPH) that produces similar outputs for similar files.

ssdeep -r malware_samples/        # hash all files recursively
ssdeep -m known_family.exe *      # compare all files against a reference

A similarity score above 50% typically indicates a related sample — a new variant of a known family with minor modifications to evade hash-based detection.

Use case: you have 500 samples from an incident. Run ssdeep to cluster them. Similar files likely belong to the same malware family and can be triaged together.

The Import Hash (imphash)

The imphash is computed from the ordered list of a PE file's imported function names and their DLLs. Because malware authors rarely change their import patterns between variants, files from the same malware family often share an imphash even when their byte-level hash differs.

imphash("CreateFileA,WriteFile,RegSetValueExA,URLDownloadToFileA") → fixed hash

PEStudio and VirusTotal both display the imphash. Searching VirusTotal by imphash finds related samples from the same family or build environment.

Quick Triage: Hashing a Suspicious File

1. Receive suspect file → compute SHA-256 immediately
2. Query VirusTotal → record detection ratio and top family labels
3. Compute ssdeep hash → compare against known samples
4. Note the imphash → search VirusTotal for related files
5. Record all hashes as the case identifier in your report

The hash is the primary identifier for every report, database entry, IOC feed, and YARA rule that follows from this analysis. Always record it first.